The U.S. Supreme Court has held that a but-for causation standard applies to claims brought under 42 U.S.C. § 1981, and that this standard applies throughout the lifetime of the litigation, including the initial pleading stage.
On March 23, 2020, the Government of Ontario issued a News Release announcing the closure of all non-essential workplaces effective as of March 24, 2020 at 11:59 p.m.
On March 23, 2020, Oregon Governor Kate Brown issued an Executive Order requiring all individuals to stay home to the maximum extent possible and closing certain retail, childcare and other service-oriented businesses.
On March 23, 2020, Virginia Governor Ralph Northam issued Executive Order 53, which places restrictions on the operation of nonessential retail businesses from 11:59 p.m., Tuesday, March 24, 2020 through 11:59 p.m., Thursday, April 23, 2020.
Since the arrival of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Colorado, state and local officials have issued a dizzying array of executive actions in an attempt to slow the spread of the virus.
The City of Philadelphia launched the COVID-19 Small Business Relief Fund to assist businesses that are struggling as a result of city- and state-wide mandated business closures.
On March 23, 2020, Pennsylvania Governor Tom Wolf and Secretary of the Pennsylvania Department of Health Rachel Levine, M.D. issued two stay-at-home Orders affecting residents in seven counties.
On March 23, 2020, Massachusetts Governor Charlie Baker issued an executive order mandating the shutdown of the physical workplace and facilities for non-essential businesses starting at noon on March 24, 2020 and ending on April 7, 2020.
On March 22, 2020, Kentucky Governor Andy Beshear issued Executive Order 2020-246, which orders all nonessential retail businesses to close by 8:00 p.m. today, March 23, 2020.
On March 23, 2020, Michigan Governor Gretchen Whitmer issued an Executive Order requiring all individuals in the state to stay home or at their place of residence, and prohibiting private gatherings of any number of people not part of a single household.